| Modern Life - Future Technology - Computer/Human |

Future of Humanity

Description of Modern Life;

||Technology is very big part of modern life. Many people see technology as a force that has escaped from human control. Others feel that technology has improved the quality of life. Do you think that the contribution technology has made to modern life has been positive or negative? 
We all think that technology is getting better everywhere. But the truth is most of the advanced things has been hidden in their production policy. In the world trade we can point out that very clearly. These problems are started from every necessary need. It begins from the consumable items to modern computerized system. Consumable goods are usually excluded from warranty policies, as it is considered that covering them would excessively increase the cost of the premium. So we most getting problem with this because of global competition has caused manufacturers to raise the bar for products performance and productivity. Many have realized the importance of proper maintenance when it comes to maximizing product effectiveness. Far fewer have recognized the potential impact of wear parts and consumables on overall production. With current technology, consumable parts can play a critical role in the overall success of a machine investment. Similar to the way inexpensive cartridges can eliminate the benefits of a high-performance printers, low quality consumables can result in subpar machine.

 The photocopier industry is one key industry that can help to maintain the planet as we know it and help to reduce the impact we have on our environment. Many of the photocopier manufacturers are putting into place processes that will reduce CO2 output by recycling toner bottles and looking to integrate as many bio-materials into their products as possible as the following study shows cheaper photocopiers are increasing the recycling energy and it will lead the poor environment policy.
Recycling is all about reusing wasted material and if we don't recycle then the waste material ends up in land-fill.
According to the BBC, the UK disposes of more waste into land-fill than any other EU country. Traditional plastics tend have been estimated to take more than a thousand years to degrade according to the Times online.

With these statistics in MIND, the responsibility to dispose of waste in an environmentally friendly way should be on every company’s agenda. Considering the majority of photocopiers, network printers and toner bottles are made from some sort of plastic. Recycling is the only feasible way to dispose of your toner bottle or old photocopier while traditional plastics are still in use. According to the lack products quality, consumers need to buy that more and more. It is indirectly increases their expenses and effects our environment policy. When we like to have the inexpensive and easy way for recycling all our consumables, Definitely it will effect of our environment policy and indirectly .as you know the office fax machine, laser printer or photocopier finally dies or gets replaced you may be wondering what to do with it. It’s not commonly known but the incorrect disposal of office printers & copiers is extremely hazardous to the environment as these machines contain materials that can pollute the earth. That is why some specialized companies guarantee that “NO LANDFILLS” will be used with our “recycle the right way” company policy. When it comes to the disposal of laser printers, fax machines, photocopiers and all desktop printers is the right choice.
Those authorized business provides the environmentally safe service of fax machine disposal and the disposal of all office printers. Then we can achieve the maximum environmental benefit for the disposal of obsolete office printing and copying equipment.

They dismantle faxes (facsimile machines), office printers (laser printer, office jet printer, inkjet printer, etc) and Copiers (photocopiers, Ricoh, Kyocera, Utax, NRG, Samsung, Rex Rotary, Intimus, HP, Cannon, Xerox) into their composite materials so these materials can be recycled and placed back into the manufacturing process as feedstock. The generations of feedstock through their processes help to preserve our natural resources that are usually used for manufacturing. According to this statement we can understand that the technology been hidden there because of our hesitation. Whatever the technology is there which is created few years before. It never comes to the market. Because it may effects the production cost of manufacturer. They might think that the new arrivals hold their stock which is selling by them presently. Also the demand of the people needs to be cheap and best. They are getting it but not everything. In the smart phones we can understand that better than anything. Because their software designed by few months before. But it will not come to the world market soon. It will come with small dimension & icon changes. But they never reveal their full updated device. It will come with their next version of smart phones only. Therefore whatever we are using as our present technology. It is revealed few years before only. So welcoming our technology to gives us everything at right time and using by our present generation not by our grand children’s. We wish them to have a very useful and innovative technology ever.

||

Description of Future Technology by Mostafa Hussain;

||If we want to speak about technology we should first speak about companies that release new tech in all over the world because technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures .so this definition of technology made us that everything that you can use and is accessibility is tech.

But nowadays unfortunately we see that companies whom have heavy responsibility to publish the technology and new resolution of problems in humans life have quarrel together .and this quarrel has stupid reasons .for example Apple thinks that any company don’t have right to build tablets because it was the first company that made Ipad and has complained about Samsung that Samsung`s designer designed Galaxy SII like one of its products. Because of these stupid reasons our companies spend their time and energy in court of justice instead of tech laboratory .so this is clear that Iphone5 is the same as Iphone4.

Our companies can solve these quarrels by some protocols and laws like open source and these are not against the copyright. These companies must raise their capacity and think about new tech instead of earning money.

The advantage and benefit of open source is that technology will be complete with high speed and companies can observe new product and after that release new tech .now we can use at least the product of 2017 in 2012 because companies think only about money ,we can see it Sony company .Sony and Ericsson dissented on early 2012 but Sony release its new product by Sony Ericsson brand yet .this is just story that we could find but if you compare current knowledge  and current tech you can understand that tech is really lagging.

But now we want to speak about some technology that can be accessible in the future:

Processing data is expensive action, nowadays we have to spend our money to buy CPUs for our PCs, Laptops, & etc. So companies want to create processing units and sell these technology to public and people can buy the power of processing that required, this is clear that we aren`t far from this and we can see it in few years later. (This is something like cutting DVD-ROMs and HDD from laptops because you can get your data from powerful database called Internet.)

In fact future technology will mix Humans with Machines.

Because of magical ability of human`s brain that no one can know it correctly and completely cause we are quantum computers, Engineers want to deposit processing of new computers to human`s brain. Because brain is flexible so can get new responsibility. By this you can connect to internet and download your necessary data by thinking about this action.

But as you know information in our brain is transferring by ions. And this means your speed for transferring of information and processing information is lower than processing with electrons. In fact this is the logical result of information that we have, as I said we are quantum computer, perhaps we will see high speed of processing with ion.

By this technology you can write and read and understand Chinese language but you are not from china, you see a line that wrote with Chinese language so your eyes sent information to your brain, because your brain can`t analysis these data so sent that packet to your new part of brain that connect you to an online dictionary and finally you can analysis Chinese line, these are compute in very short time because info transfer by ion and electron.

By this tech you can compute math very quickly, for example if I ask you 9*9=? You can answer very fast because you answered this question by using some ability of your brain like cache (in a computer CPU has some space to saving some information that is very necessary called ROM) and perhaps your brain use something like ROM to cached data. But if I ask you (13^3)*tan37=? You should use some manual way and spend a lot of time to answer it. By this tech you can find answer of this question like 9*9.

And finally by this tech you are a computer. You can do anything that now you done it with your laptop, tablet, smart phone & etc. you can play song and video and listen to your favorite music without forwarding signal around you.

You get your facebook notification and E-mail only by thinking about your wall and your inbox of E-mail, you can set your body to get pain in your left eye when important notification like “friend request confirm” is available.

And now you are a powerful human-machine that can complete together.

-

The next logical iteration of the computer-in-your-pocket (which we still call a “phone”) is a computer implanted into you. This I think will be the basis of personal technology for Concordia: a chip planted into the skull that acts as the personal computer/communication device for each citizen.

It would be inherently wireless, able to access the internet and interface with other devices. It would have voice and sound modules in the jaw, and probably some kind of heads-up-display. Would that be able to be displayed directly on the eyeball with Nano-projectors, or would it need something a little more device-y over the eye?

There would need to be a way to interface with it as well, beyond what would likely have to be simple brain controls. Perhaps a touch-screen-like environment that gets projected onto a surface in front of you Or if you’re interfacing with an existing terminal, you can use its screen?

Of course, real tech-heads would go all out with this thing, and similar implanted techs, extending their cybernetic abilities. But there would probably be legal regulations against going too far, for safety reasons – I imagine as much as technology has advanced, it’s certainly not perfect yet. Major enhancements would also be expensive – since each requires surgery.

These may be a little more common in the technological underworld. I love the cyberpunk criminal tech world of Neuromancer, and imagine similar things, with black market hospitals for the surgery, experimental chips and programs, etc.

But at the same time, where an iphone might be stolen from someone or a computer accessed from a public terminal, these personal computers would have to be implanted surgically. And while they might be ubiquitous enough that basically everyone has one by twin-hood, there would be one exception: people who grew up outside of the normal societal structure.

Sure, someone on the streets in the under-city would have access to the black market clinics, but if they never had the money to get it, they would be completely cut off from “normal” cultural awareness, cut off from the communications grid, and in a way cut off from each other. What a divide that would create.

Would there still be computer terminals that people could access without a chip? What purpose would they serve? Who would be expected to use them? Or are they relics of the last generation, before the chips were so ubiquitous? Ah, but they would still have had something personal, the beginnings of a chip, perhaps linked to a handheld device closer to what we have today.

||

 

Don't Forget to See Back to The Future movies. The movies that may reveal some hidden project at that time & after years some of those technology get out to the markets
Back to the Future (1985)
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Back to the Future Part III (1990)

| DNA & Information & Chemical Reaction |

Chemical Reaction & Information

Description of Chemical Reactions;

||Reactions are the verbs of chemistry. The activity that chemists study. Many reactions move to their conclusion and then stop, meaning that the reactants have been completely transformed into products, with no means of returning to their original state. In some cases, the reaction truly is irreversible, as for instance when combustion changes both the physical and chemical properties of a substance. There are plenty of other circumstances, however, in which a reverse reaction is not only possible but an ongoing process, as the products of the first reaction become the reactants in a second one. This dynamic state, in which the concentration of reactants and products remains constant, is referred to as equilibrium. It is possible to predict the behavior of substances in equilibrium through the use of certain laws, which are applied in industries seeking to lower the costs of producing specific chemicals. Equilibrium is also useful in understanding processes that preserve or potentially threaten human health.

A chemical reaction is a process whereby the chemical properties of a substance are altered by a rearrangement of the atoms in the substance. The changes produced by a chemical reaction are fundamentally different from physical changes, such as boiling or melting liquid water, changes that alter the physical properties of water without affecting its molecular structure.

Though chemical reactions are most effectively analyzed in terms of molecular properties and behaviors, there are numerous indicators that suggest to us when a chemical reaction has occurred. It is unlikely that all of these will result from any one reaction, and in fact chances are that a particular reaction will manifest only one or two of these effects. Nonetheless, these offer us hints that a reaction has taken place.

Signs that a substance has undergone a chemical reaction:

Water is produced, A solid forms, Gases are produced, Bubbles are formed, There is a change in color, The temperature changes, the taste of a consumable substance changes, The smell changes.

Many of these effects can be produced simply by changing the temperature of a substance, but again, the mere act of applying heat from outside (or removing heat from the substance itself) does not constitute a chemical change. Water can be produced by melting ice, but the water was already there it only changed form. By contrast, when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt, that is a true chemical reaction.

Similarly, the freezing of water forms a solid, but no new chemical substance has been formed. In a chemical reaction by contrast, two liquids can react to form a solid. When water boils through the application of heat, bubbles form, and a gas or vapor is produced; yet in chemical changes, these effects are not the direct result of applying heat.

In this context, a change in temperature, noted as another sign that a reaction has taken place, is a change of temperature from within the substance itself. Chemical reactions can be classified as heat producing (exothermic) or heat absorbing (endothermic). In either case, the transfer of heat is not accomplished simply by creating a temperature differential, as would occur if heat were transferred merely through physical means.

At one time, chemists could only study reactions from the outside, as it were, purely in terms of effects noticeable through the senses. Between the early nineteenth and the early twentieth century, however, the entire character of chemistry changed, as did the terms in which chemists discussed reactions. Today, those reactions are analyzed primarily in terms of subatomic, atomic, and molecular properties and activities.

Despite all this progress, however, chemists still do not know exactly what happens in a chemical reaction but they do have a good approximation. This is the collision model, which explains chemical reactions in terms of collisions between molecules. If the collision is strong enough, it can break the chemical bonds in the reactants, resulting in a re formation of atoms within different molecules. The more the molecules collide, the more bonds are being broken, and the faster the reaction.

Considering all other kinetic parameters constant, an increase in the numbers of collisions can be produced in two ways: either the concentrations of the reactants are increased, or the temperature is increased. By raising the temperature, the speeds of the molecules themselves increase, and the collisions possess more energy. A certain energy threshold, the activation energy must be crossed in order for a reaction to occur. A temperature increase raises the likelihood that a given collision will cross the activation energy threshold, producing the energy to break the molecular bonds and promote the chemical reaction.

Raising the temperature and the concentrations of reactants can increase the energy and hasten the reactions, but in some cases it is not possible to do either. Fortunately, the rate of reaction can be increased in a third way, through the introduction of a catalyst, a substance that speeds up the reaction without participating in it either as a reactant or product.

A chemical equation, like a mathematical equation, symbolizes an interaction between entities that produces a particular result. In the case of a chemical equation, the entities are not numbers but reactants, and they interact with each other not through addition or multiplication, but by chemical reaction. Yet just as a product is the result of multiplication in mathematics, a product in a chemical equation is the substance or substances that result from the reaction.

Instead of an equals sign, between the reactants and the product, arrows are used. When the arrow points to the right, this indicates a forward reaction; conversely, an arrow pointing to the left symbolizes a reverse reaction. In a reverse reaction, the products of a forward reaction have become the reactants, and the reactants of the forward reaction are now the products.

Chemical equilibrium, which occurs when the ratio between the reactants and products is constant and in which the forward and reverse reactions take place at the same rate.

Chemical equations usually include notation indicating the state or phase of matter for the reactants and products: (s) for a solid; (l) for a liquid; (g) for a gas. A fourth symbol, (aq), indicates a substance dissolved in water that is, an aqueous solution.

Not all situations of equilibrium are alike: depending on certain factors, the position of equilibrium may favor one side of the equation or the other. If a company is producing chemicals for sale, for example, its production managers will attempt to influence reactions in such a way as to favor the forward reaction. In such a situation, it is said that the equilibrium position has been shifted to the right. In terms of physical equilibrium, mentioned above, this would be analogous to what would happen if you were holding your arms out on either side of your body, with a heavy lead weight in your left hand and a much smaller weight in the right hand.

Your center of gravity, or equilibrium position, would shift to the left to account for the greater force exerted by the heavier weight.

Suppose we add more of a particular substance to increase the rate of the forward reaction. In an equation for this reaction, the equilibrium symbol is altered, with a longer arrow pointing to the right to indicate that the forward reaction is favored. Again, the equilibrium position has shifted to the right just as one makes physical adjustments to account for an imbalanced weight. The system responds by working to consume more of the reactant, thus adjusting to the stress that was placed on it by the addition of more of that substance. By the same token, if we were to remove a particular reactant or product, the system would shift in the direction of the detached component.

If the volume of gases in a closed container is decreased, the pressure increases. An equilibrium system will therefore shift in the direction that reduces the pressure; but if the volume is increased, thus reducing the pressure, the system will respond by shifting to increase pressure.

However, that not all increases in pressure lead to a shift in the equilibrium. If the pressure were increased by the addition of a noble gas, the gas itself since these elements are noted for their lack of reactivity would not be part of the reaction. Thus the species added would not be part of the equilibrium constant expression, and there would be no change in the equilibrium.

 In an exothermic, or heat-producing reaction, the heat is treated as a product. Thus, when nitrogen and hydrogen react, they produce not only ammonia, but a certain quantity of heat. If this system is at equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle shows that the addition of heat will induce a shift in equilibrium to the left in the direction that consumes heat or energy.

The reverse is true in an endothermic, or heat-absorbing reaction. Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of bonds. It is essential that we know what bonds are before we can understand any chemical reaction. To understand bonds, we will first describe several of their properties. The bond strength tells us how hard it is to break a bond. Bond lengths give us valuable structural information about the positions of the atomic nuclei. Bond dipoles inform us about the electron distribution around the two bonded atoms. From bond dipoles we may derive electronegativity data useful for predicting the bond dipoles of bonds that may have never been made before.

From these properties of bonds we will see that there are two fundamental types of bonds covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding represents a situation of about equal sharing of the electrons between nuclei in the bond. Covalent bonds are formed between atoms of approximately equal electronegativity. Because each atom has near equal pull for the electrons in the bond, the electrons are not completely transferred from one atom to another. When the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms in a bond is large, the more electronegative atoms that can strip an electron off, of the less electronegative one, to form a negatively charged anion and a positively charged cation. The two ions are held together in an ionic bond because the oppositely charged ions attract each other, when in the solid state, can be described as ionic lattices whose shapes are dictated by the need to place oppositely charged ions close to each other and similarly charged ions as far apart as possible. Though there is some structural diversity in ionic compounds, covalent compounds present us with a world of structural possibilities.

Conclusively, the number of possibilities of new chemical reactions for the industry is greatly enhanced by the capacity of modern computers.

||

How little change in small scale makes big different in large scale?!

It is Dynamic System. The system that always its elements are moving and there is no rule & role how to move!

It is always Chaotic.

Because of this we get, How DNA strings shape live organs and How simple bits of information generate complex system.

But we can predict what happen in the end of chemical reactions. For example if we mix A and B we can predict to have AB. However we can guess correctly results of reactions But we cannot mark each element. We can guess about congeries of materials. Even if we suppose that can mark some molecules we cannot mark electrons and of course we cannot predict about spins of electrons.

Chemical Reactions are depend on electrons when you observe them in small scale (on classical physics).

String of Information becomes observable at first step of classical viewpoint on spin & wave.

At second step its spinal state that shapes our universe; life & another structures.

But at the first step it is information, that can be stored on spinal state, atoms, molecules, wave state, quarks, sea, mountain, cells, trees, … & nothing!

When you chemically mix A & B it changes their structures so their information generate new structure with new properties and features it is How DNA can build completely new structure: with new internal & external features.

To be continue…

| Neural Net. - Computer Net. - Information |

Natural Network

Brief Introduction of Neural Networks & Control Center(Brain);

|| The brain is the control centre of human’s body and it sits in the skull at the top of spinal cord.

Brain is the most powerful & cleverest system in body. It acts quickly and accurately, it is too complex that scientists believe many actions of brain is unknown yet.

It collects all of the signals inside the body or from outside of body constantly and then sent a suitable order. Hearing, tasting, smelling, touching, seeing & moving are senses which get information for brain. These information are making neural signals. Neural signals cross nerve cells all over the body when get order from brain.

Brain has three important parts:

1- The cerebrum; which has two parts, the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

This area of the brain is involved in several functions of the body, like perception, thought, judgment, imagination, and decision. It includes about 10 billion neurons, with about 50 trillion synapses! It has four areas which called Lobes. Each lobe does its special task. For example neural signals of eyes, sent to Occipital Lobes or opinion and personality processing center is Frontal lobe.

2 - The cerebellum;

The cerebellum is under the cerebrum that does some important Task like learning & body’s balance. It gets the signals from muscles, Joints & skin by helping brain & spinal cord and after data processing sends an order.

3- The brain stem that controls a lot of the 'automatic' actions of the body such as breathing and heart beat, and links the brain to the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS).

The spinal cord has three major functions: as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal cord, as a conduit for sensory information in the reverse direction, and as a center for coordinating certain reflexes.

Neuron cells

Brain and spinal cord are made a big group of neuron cells that estimated only a brain has 100 billion neurons.

A neuron is an electrochemical cell that Irritated easily. It transmits information by electrical and chemical signals. Neurons connect to each other to form neural networks, called Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

All neurons are electrically excitable. Ions motion such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium produce voltage gradients across neuron's membranes. Voltage gradients changing generate electrical Signals-called an action potential that cross all over the neuron. When action potential arrive the end of cell's axon, synaptic connections with other cells are acted. In synapses chemical molecules release and cause action potential at the next neuron.

There are 3 types of neurons:

1- Motor neurons, receive signals from the Central Nervous System to muscles, glands & elsewhere in the body.

2- Sensory neurons, respond to touch, sound, light and other sensory organs that then send signals to CNS. This neuron has long dendrites & short axon.

3- Relay Neuron, located within the brain and spinal cord, relay neurons transmit the electrical impulses generated by the stimuli to other nerves.

||

Description of Neural Network by Miriam Strauss;

||Artificial neural networks are systems implemented on computer programs as specialized hardware or sophisticated software that loosely model the learning and remembering functions of the human brain. They are an attempt to simulate the multiple layers of processing elements in the brain, called neurons. These elements are implemented in such a way so that the layers can learn from prior experience and remember their outputs. In this way, the system can learn to recognize certain patterns and situations and apply these to certain priorities and output appropriate results. These types of neural networks can be used in many important situations such as priority in an emergency room, for financial assistance, and any type of pattern recognition such as handwritten or text to speech recognition.

The most basic elements of a neural network, the artificial neurons, are modeled after the neurons of the brain. The real neuron is composed of four parts: the dendrites, soma, axon, and the synapse. The dendrites receive input from other neuron's synapses, the soma processes the information received, the axon carries the action potential which fires the neuron when a threshold is breached, and the synapse is where the neuron sends its output, which are in the form of neurotransmitters, to the dendrites of other neurons. Each neuron in the human brain can connect with up to 200,000 other neurons. The power and processing of the human brain comes from a multitude of these basic components and the many thousands of connections between them.

The artificial neurons simulate the four basic functions of the real neuron. The artificial neuron is much simpler than the neuron of the brain. It takes inputs just as the real neuron but also multiplies these inputs by a weight value. Then they are sent to a processing unit which does what it needs to do to the value and then sends this value to the output path. In the simplest case, the products of these values are simply summed up and then put through a transfer process and output. This is the basic building block of all artificial neural networks, although there are many different implementations of this simple block and fundamental differences which allow for different artificial networks to be built.

The neurons are constructed in many different layers. There is an input layer which receives the inputs from the world or user, then there are hidden layers, sometimes many, that are only connected to other layers and not the real world; and finally there is the output layer which sends the results to the world or user. Neurons that are grouped into layers can be connected to other neurons on their layers and to neurons of other layers. When the input layers receives input, it produces an output, which then is the input of the neurons it is connected to, and then they in their turn produce an output to other neurons. This continues until a certain condition is met and then the results are output.

The brain basically learns from prior experience. Artificial neural networks change their connection weights, usually by training, which causes the network to learn the problem to a solution. So when a system learns a new solution, it changes the connection weights to the inputs of some or all of the artificial neurons of the system. Network systems learn this by being put through training, which usually consists of being given inputs and then feedback on how they do on the outputs. The network uses this feedback information to adjust the weights to its neurons to better solve the problem. There are a few good training methods, but the best seems to be by back propagation. In back propagation, feedback is given and then fed back through the layers so that each of the neurons involved may change their weights. This improves performance and proves to be the best form of learning. Neural networks may also be used on-line or off-line. Off-line is a form where the neurons are taught information in a domain and then when in use, they no longer change their weights. This is the most common type of neural network. In the on-line form, the neural networks are taught originally and then continue to learn while in use. This design is much more complicated in design than the off-line form.

Neural networks are performing successfully where other methods do not recognize nor match complicated, vague, or incomplete patterns. Neural networks have been applied in solving a wide variety of problems. One of the most used methods for neural networks is to tell of what will most likely happen. One use is in emergency rooms where it can become so hectic and priorities are sometimes hard to find for humans that the neural network can place priorities and enable a more successful operation in the emergency room. Neural networks are also used in financial institutions where recommendations for financial plans can be acquired. One very important use that the government uses neural networks for is the device called Snoop. Snoop is installed as a bomb detector in some U.S. airports. It uses a neural network that can determine the presence of certain compounds from the chemical configurations of their components. This is a type of recognition system that only a neural network can perform.

Neural networks are important because they can be used in a variety of situations in which other means are not possible. They can be used for prediction analysis and recognition. Not only can they outperform other means, they also can be taught to perform on different input or even taught while performing the tasks they have already learned. In the future, they will be able to teach themselves and to learn infinitely many things. This will allow for a more generalized neural network to be created without all the trial and error processes and it will be able to be applied to any situation and can learn any other situations. This is the main idea behind building computer systems that can learn and have Artificial Intelligence.

Recently, as an example, a new research have determined the complete wiring diagram for the part of the nervous system controlling mating in the male roundworm Caenorhabditis elegance, an animal model intensively studied by scientists worldwide.

The study represents a major contribution to the new field of connectomics, the effort to map the myriad neural connections in a brain, brain region or nervous system to find the specific nerve connections responsible for particular behaviors. A long-term goal of connectomics is to map the human connectome all the nerve connections within the human brain.

The Einstein scientists solved the structure of the male worm's neural mating circuits by developing software that they used to analyze serial electron micrographs that other scientists had taken of the region. They found that male mating requires 144 neurons, nearly half the worm's total number and their paper describes the connections between those 144 neurons and 64 muscles involving some 8,000 synapses. A synapse is the junction at which one neuron (nerve cell) passes an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.

As we can see that the structure of a network has spatial characteristics that help explain how it exerts neural control over the multi step decision making process involved in mating.

Neural networks take a different approach to problem solving than that of conventional computers. Conventional computers use an algorithmic approach i.e. the computer follows a set of instructions in order to solve a problem. Unless the specific steps that the computer needs to follow are known the computer cannot solve the problem. That restricts the problem solving capability of conventional computers to problems that we already understand and know how to solve. But computers would be so much more useful if they could do things that we don't exactly know how to do.

Neural networks process information in a similar way the human brain does. The network is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in parallel to solve a specific problem. Neural networks learn by example. They cannot be programmed to perform a specific task. The examples must be selected carefully otherwise useful time is wasted or even worse the network might be functioning incorrectly. The disadvantage is that because the network finds out how to solve the problem by itself, its operation can be unpredictable.

On the other hand, conventional computers use a cognitive approach to problem solving; the way the problem is solved must be known and stated in small unambiguous instructions. These instructions are then converted to a high level language program and then into machine code that the computer can understand. These machines are totally predictable; if anything goes wrong, it is due to a software or hardware fault.

Neural networks and conventional algorithmic computers are not in competition but complement each other. There are tasks are more suited to an algorithmic approach like arithmetic operations and tasks that are more suited to neural networks. Even more, a large number of tasks, require systems that use a combination of the two approaches (normally a conventional computer is used to supervise the neural network) in order to perform at maximum efficiency.

||

Both Neural Net. & Computer Net. are about how components (clients) communicate together.
A Client as user in computer network cannot order server to do something more than its permissions, as such a cell cannot order a cell in brain. cause brain is Administrator and each parts of it are as user with Administrator Privilege. And there is policy! like group policy and local policy & etc. in computer net to set permissions and state, to define important system with some special features and properties.
Like Heart as a pumping system of Oxygen and energy. but cells of skin is not important like heart cause always they are changing. but if there s virus in surface system (like skin) it can effect on all internal network.
like skin concern.
In  Part1 of We are Quantum Computer, you can find some more informatique viewpoint on network in society.

Now check these Scientific explanation & compare with these two essays;

We are Quantum Computer -Part1

We are Quantum Computer -Part2