Death & Life
Explanation of death & life based on Information theory.
Biological Description of Death & Life;
||It is
estimated The Earth was formed four billion years ago by Lava, so at the first
life was Impossible. Gradually Earth was cooled & the rock layers were
formed. Clouds were formed by the Condensing of water vapor in the atmosphere.
For another two thousand years it rained slowly which caused the appearance of
the oceans.
Some theorists
suggest that the atmosphere of the early Earth may have been chemically
reducing in nature, composed primarily of methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water
(H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2) or carbon monoxide (CO),
and phosphate (PO43-), with molecular oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) either rare or
absent. In such a reducing atmosphere, electrical activity can catalyze the
creation of certain basic small molecules (monomers) of life, such as amino
acids (monomers of proteins) & carbohydrates.
After many
years mixture of amino acids formed small spherical shells about 2 μm in
diameter, called Microspheres. Some
refer to microspheres or protein protocells as small spherical units postulated
by some scientists as a key stage in the origin of life. Microspheres, like
cells, can grow and contain a double membrane which undergoes diffusion of
materials and osmosis. Although they do reproduce asexually by budding, they do
not pass on any type of genetic material; so they are not alive!
These
microspheres became more complex, they would carry on more lifelike functions.
Gradually they could make Short strands of RNA by Nucleic acid. The RNA was
capable of self- replication & during the budding, passed to the next
generation. RNA molecules could manage synthesis of special enzymes and
proteins, determined their microspheres Feature. When we know a cell is alive
that it grows, does metabolism & does reproduce to transfer the genetic
information to the next generation.
The cell is
the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is
the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing.
There are two
types of cells; eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually
independent, while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular organisms.
The
prokaryotic cells are simpler, without some specific Organelles such as
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts. The
prokaryotes are Primary cells that are origin of Eukaryotic cells. The genetic
material of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in
direct contact with the cytoplasm. Here, the undefined nuclear region in the
cytoplasm is called the nucleoid.
Bacteria and cyan bacteria are prokaryote. All of the prokaryotes are
unicellular.
Some parts
of prokaryotic cells:
-
Cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome
(DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions.
-
The Cell membrane or plasma membrane surroundes
cytoplasm.
-
The Cell wall acts to protect the cell mechanically
and chemically from its environment, and is an additional layer of protection
to the cell membrane.
-
A gelatinous capsule is present in some bacteria
outside the cell membrane and cell wall.
-
Flagella for cellular mobility, is long & thick,
made of protein. The bacterial flagellum stretches from cytoplasm through the
cell membrane and extrudes through the cell wall.
-
Fimbriae (pili) made of proteins that are short
& thick, responsible for attachment of bacteria to specific receptors of
human cells or Sticking to various surfaces.
The eukaryotic
cell seems to have evolved from a symbiotic community of prokaryotic cells;
because:
-
Both use RNA and DNA which are the genetic material
-
Both use the same 20 amino acids
-
Both have ribosomes and DNA and RNA
-
Both have a lipid layer cell membrane.
Plants, animals, fungi & algae are all
eukaryotic. The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that
eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific
metabolic activities take place. Eukaryotes like prokaryotes have Cytoplasmic,
Cell membrane and some of them like plant Cells have Cell wall. Different types of cells have cell walls made
up of different materials; plant cell walls are primarily made up of pectin,
fungi cell walls are made up of chitin and bacteria cell walls are made up of
peptidoglycan. The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules,
called chromosomes, which are associated with histone proteins. All chromosomal
DNA is stored in the cell nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.
Some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria also contain some DNA.
Ribosome
is a large complex of RNA and protein molecules. They each consist of two
subunits, and act as an assembly line where RNA from the nucleus is used to
synthesise proteins from amino acids. Ribosomes can be found either floating
freely or bound to a membrane or on the rough endoplasmatic.
Lysosomes
are to serve as digestion compartments for cellular materials that have
exceeded their lifetime or are otherwise no longer useful. They are
manufactured by the Golgi apparatus. They digest excess or worn-out organelles,
food particles or bacteria with breaking down cellular waste products, fats,
carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds, which
are then transferred back into the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials.
Peroxisomes
are involved in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids, branched chain
fatty acids, polyamines, and biosynthesis of plasmalogens. One of the important
functions is to Breakdown the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a
potentially dangerous product of fatty-acid oxidation. It is catalyzed by the
enzyme catalase.
Lysosomes
& Peroxisomes do their tasks by helping Enzymes. Enzymes are catalysts and
responsible for the thousands of chemical reactions taking place. Most are
proteins, so Ribosomes make them with amino acids.
Golgi
apparatus processes and packages the macromolecules such as proteins and
lipids that are synthesized by the cell.
Mitochondria
provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products,
contract - in short; they are the power centers of the cell. The Origin of
Mitochondria was an aerobic prokaryote.
The
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of membrane-enclosed sacs and
tubules in the cell. ER is a site that
manufactures most of the membranes of the cell, lipids, transmembrane proteins
and secreted proteins. The ER has two forms: the rough ER, which has ribosomes
on its surface and secretes proteins into the cytoplasm, and the smooth ER,
which lacks them. Smooth ER plays a role in calcium sequestration and release;
also does detoxification.
All of these
Organelles are common in the eukaryotic cells. But there are some organelles
that only can be found in some specific cells. For example Centrosome can only
be found in animals cells (acts as the main microtubule-nucleating organelle in
animal cells and plays a critical role in mitotic spindle orientation and in
genome stability.) Or vacuoles that store extra water, waste & food, can be
found in plant cells and some fungis.
The purpose of
these organelles & their mechanisms is life. Prokaryotic-eukaryotic or
Unicellular-multicellular try to survive and live more. Also for this purpose
do reproduction. But each living organism - unicellular or multicellular - has
a limited lifetime. For example Red
blood cells can be alive max. 120 days.
What
happens after a cell dies?
At the
cellular level, it's essential for life. There are two types of
eukaryotic cell death: necrosis and apoptosis. Apoptosis or programmed cell
death is like a cell committing suicide! When a cell is compelled to commit
suicide proteins called caspases go into action. Some cellular components which
are necessary for survival are broke down by caspases. The DNA in the nucleus
condenses and breaks into regular-sized fragments by DNases. The cell shrinks and sends out distress signals, which are
answered by vacuum cleaners known as macrophages. After that, it breaks into
several smaller pieces containing the cell components and destroyed nucleus.
Necrotic means
the cell dies due to some sort of outside stimulus; Mechanical stress, lack of
oxygen & etc.
Macrophages
play an important role in both types of cell death. They remove remaining cell
components & break down them with their enzymes. Obtained materials come
back to a new cell cycle.
In the nature
when an animal, a human or a type of plant dies, all parts of their body is
disintegrated by Bacteria, some fungis & Protista to monomers like amino
acid, nucleotide acid & Lipid. These monomers can make a new system that is
alive or affects on living organisms, like viruses.
||
Technical Description of Death & Life;
|| How to destroy or kill information:
There are some ways to kill or destroy our data in formal
ways, for example if you have some special data on your HDD and want to fordo
all of that, what should you do?
1) Shift + Delete
2) Format your HDD
3) Format your HDD and install another OS
But does Microsoft or Google or some other companies like
them kill their important information of database by these regular ways?
Of course not! For example Microsoft kills its information
by some ways that are not logical at the first in people mind.
Microsoft has some powerful programs to encrypt data like
Bitlocker & etc.
But when a HDD in Microsoft company has serious problem
Microsoft reformat it, if the problem solved
HDD comes back to the normal working but if the problem didn`t solve
Microsoft will not use bitlocker and take
HDD away because it afraid of losing its important data. The Microsoft`s
engineers rendered some solution to safe data. One of these powerful ways is
this: The Microsoft`s engineers write some program with special algorithm that
format one HDD and change the HDD table and write spurious data on HDD and
repeat these actions up to 1,000,000
times, by this you can safe your data up to ~90% but you can recovery your data yet. So
Microsoft, Google, Intel and giant companies don`t want to risk so they use
another ways to kill their important information; destroy HDDs one by one.
Maybe it s not good for
Microsoft, Google, Apple & etc to use this way to keep their data secure!
But really they cannot do anything else...
Cause Information is Physical.
||
Information can be stored on/in everything;
Mechanical waves, EM waves, cellules, Hyper Molecule like
DNA & RNA, Atomes, LED board in a city, alphabets, eyes & ears (How you
see and hear), Quantum fluctuation, Elementary Particles and etc.
You can store 1MB on a big page and 1TB on few amounts of
molecules (1gram DNA; 700TB).
Human’s complex body is because of more information. Each
new movement means new structure.
From simple Algae to Human body, from simple atoms to
complex system of life. It is Entropy, it s increasing the information. One bit
to 700TBytes. All these are because of chaotic universe; Dynamic System.
Several years ago human needed large volume to store just
one word (few amounts of bits). For example 500KB in a room (3*4*3m)! but you
have now 1TeraBytes in your packet as external HDD.
Suppose 1m for 1MB (50 yrs ago) and 1nm for 1MB now.
We know just bit as unit of information but we cannot
explain it by place/space/time, (x,y,z,t). But Bit is physical parameter cause
we can measure it.
If you have storage device with good (acceptable) quality,
it s not important for your data How long and How many years they are in that
device. For example after 50 yrs, you can play music that stored on a device by
your father or grandpa. Maybe quality of music reduce but that s because of
materials of device. The Information exists but you cannot read, however you
can recover & repair them like photos and videos.
So there is no scale for information. (x,y,z,t) is surface
of structures coordinates. But actually there s no dependency for info on
structures. Even you can recover info after destroy almost of surface. (As we
talk before.)
To Be or Not To Be of surface is not important for Nature of
Information.
Your info will remain at least at the surface of NATURE.
However information is Free in time & space/place.
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